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What can you find out from DNA? |
"La Puertorriqueña" painting by Mindy Carrera 2016.
Subject is the author of this web page
Puerto Ricans from the island often use the term Boricua to describe a person from Puerto Rico. If you are around my age (38), you may have heard J.Lo yell it when she reminded up she was still Jenny from the block (3:05) or when Big Pun describes the kind of girls he likes (2:54). Boricua comes from the Taino name for the island: Borinken (there are various spellings). As a Boricua, I always knew that everyone that came before me for a few generations was born in Puerto Rico but I always wondered about who came before them. There are so many different colors in my family. I have a cousin with blond hair, green eyes and caramel skin whose sister has toffee colored skin, brown eyes, and black hair. Three of my great-grandparents had blue eyes, both my grandmothers have green, I have hazel, and my son blue. The genes we carry may be hidden in some generations and appear when it is least expected. My daughter has an orange tint to her hair and skin as fair as the fictional Snow White. There is no physical resemblance between us besides our eyes color and hair. How does that happen? I find it endlessly fascinating. Puerto Rican genealogy is rich and diverse. While Boricuas may find solidarity in our shared heritage and culture, our genes tell a very different story. Our skin, hair, eyes, surnames all may provide a hint as to where our ancestors came from but they certainly do not tell the whole story.
Every Boricua knows in theory at least, that they are a mix of Spaniards, Tainos, and Africans (which by the way, was just "proven" to be the perfect human. You can read articles and about the research study here and here). Recently, National Geographic published a study confirming that current Puerto Ricans have a significant amount of Taino DNA. Read about here. But the questions remain for all of us: Could the Europeans have been other than Spanish? When did they get to the island? How did they travel up these dirt roads into the towering mountains and build a life? How and when did they become Christianized if they were Jewish or Muslim? How much mixing happened between the Tainos, Europeans, and Africans? When? How did their names change to Spanish?
I have discovered that my family has been on the island since at least late 1700's. That is at least three centuries! As a history teacher, I always put things in a historical perspective... Thus, it means when Thomas Jefferson was President of the United States my ancestors were already creating a life in Puerto Rico. In the political landscape of 2015 when the news is covering immigration reform and everyone seems to have an opinion on social media, it occurs to me that most of my friends here in Philadelphia don't have roots in the Western Hemisphere before the turn of the 20th Century. When I see posts that immigration should stop I cringe at how quick people are to deny their own ancestral story. They are so willing to forget that their great-grandfathers were once walking off a boat in an east coast harbor looking for opportunity. It encourages me when I watch Who Do You Think You Are? or Finding Your Roots because I think that mainstream people need to see the stories of their favorite celebrities to maybe awaken their interest in knowing their own history. But I digress, back to how I figured out my family has been in Puerto RIco for over 300 years!
Every Boricua knows in theory at least, that they are a mix of Spaniards, Tainos, and Africans (which by the way, was just "proven" to be the perfect human. You can read articles and about the research study here and here). Recently, National Geographic published a study confirming that current Puerto Ricans have a significant amount of Taino DNA. Read about here. But the questions remain for all of us: Could the Europeans have been other than Spanish? When did they get to the island? How did they travel up these dirt roads into the towering mountains and build a life? How and when did they become Christianized if they were Jewish or Muslim? How much mixing happened between the Tainos, Europeans, and Africans? When? How did their names change to Spanish?
I have discovered that my family has been on the island since at least late 1700's. That is at least three centuries! As a history teacher, I always put things in a historical perspective... Thus, it means when Thomas Jefferson was President of the United States my ancestors were already creating a life in Puerto Rico. In the political landscape of 2015 when the news is covering immigration reform and everyone seems to have an opinion on social media, it occurs to me that most of my friends here in Philadelphia don't have roots in the Western Hemisphere before the turn of the 20th Century. When I see posts that immigration should stop I cringe at how quick people are to deny their own ancestral story. They are so willing to forget that their great-grandfathers were once walking off a boat in an east coast harbor looking for opportunity. It encourages me when I watch Who Do You Think You Are? or Finding Your Roots because I think that mainstream people need to see the stories of their favorite celebrities to maybe awaken their interest in knowing their own history. But I digress, back to how I figured out my family has been in Puerto RIco for over 300 years!
Mural in San German, Puerto Rico
Most of my discoveries came from my investigations of family members and documents but I was able to answer the questions of my deep heritage through DNA. This has helped me to begin the search over the Atlantic. My son and I were tested which helped me to see how genes are passed down. And low and behold I discovered that indeed the theory held true for me! After testing through several sites, I am most certainly a mix of European, Amerindian (Taino), and African. However, it is more interesting than just that. This information has led to my next quest of deciphering the DNA and associating it to the ancestors I have verified. Using research of surnames and given names along with the DNA, has helped point me in the right direction of where to search next. My mother and maternal grandmother are testing next and these results will really help me to decipher from where the various strands of DNA have been passed down.
I used Ancestry, FamilyTree DNA, and Gedmatch. After hours and hours of making and comparing excel spreadsheets, I came up with a pie to represent the averages of all the information gathered from the two testing sites and Gedmatch. Ancestry and FTDNA gave me a pie chart with results. GEDmatch is a free non-profit utility website. DNA testers can upload DNA test results from AncestryDNA, FTDNA and 23andme to compare with a large existing database of test results. GEDmatch uses a slightly different algorithm for the comparison so some additional matches may be available, as well as different views of the comparisons. This can also provide contact information for some matches. Its results are much more specific than the aforementioned testing websites, which is endlessly interesting but not necessary if you just wat to see the major regions around the world that have contributed to your DNA. Here is an explanaition of how to use Gedmatch. I have listed a few sites below to check out that will flesh out the regions a bit. Each testing site uses different systems so some of the areas included in their "regions" may be slightly different but barring any outliers (someone from China or Australia perhaps), the results should be fairly easy to make sense of. I will outline my thoughts of my own results below.
I used Ancestry, FamilyTree DNA, and Gedmatch. After hours and hours of making and comparing excel spreadsheets, I came up with a pie to represent the averages of all the information gathered from the two testing sites and Gedmatch. Ancestry and FTDNA gave me a pie chart with results. GEDmatch is a free non-profit utility website. DNA testers can upload DNA test results from AncestryDNA, FTDNA and 23andme to compare with a large existing database of test results. GEDmatch uses a slightly different algorithm for the comparison so some additional matches may be available, as well as different views of the comparisons. This can also provide contact information for some matches. Its results are much more specific than the aforementioned testing websites, which is endlessly interesting but not necessary if you just wat to see the major regions around the world that have contributed to your DNA. Here is an explanaition of how to use Gedmatch. I have listed a few sites below to check out that will flesh out the regions a bit. Each testing site uses different systems so some of the areas included in their "regions" may be slightly different but barring any outliers (someone from China or Australia perhaps), the results should be fairly easy to make sense of. I will outline my thoughts of my own results below.
My DNA Results
I received my first results from Ancestry.com before 2015 when I began this site. I originally had those results here but they are so obsolete at this point, I took them down. As time goes on and technology advances, companies will be able to update and get more specific as more indigenous peoples are tested around the world and I will continue to post the changes of my results. Here are my results from 2019 ethnicity estimate from Ancestry.com. Looking at my results to the left you can see that the European, Native, and African mix is a bit more complex than just a mix of the three.
Iberian Peninsula & Southern Europe - my results indicate, Portugal, Spain and Italy. At first I was surprised that the Portuguese was higher than Spanish but upon reflection in thinking about my ancestors' surnames (Caraballo and Rentes). I believe this may be reflecting the opaque borders that existed between what became Spain and Portugal for centuries. Particularly, Galicia and Extremadura. Even today, these areas remain rural and the Lusitani DNA may be still present even though the border changed around the people. The Italian, I'm still unsure about.
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French - My initial reaction is that this may be in part from Corsica (along with the Italian and Sardinian present) and Catalonia. Corsica has a long history of being owned by France and Italy and with that, many peoples came with the occupations. My ancestors' surnames include Laboy and Laboy which may be the link to this ancestry. The language of Catalan is an Occitan language meaning it shares linguistic traits with Southern France. (My first name is actually Catalan.)
European Jewish - This changed from Middle Eastern in previous results and I was RIGHT! This was the most exciting part of the 2019 update personally. Some of my ancestors indeed were Sephardic Jews. Native American -Based on location, this represents the Tainos. African - I consolidated the various West African origins which represent the slaves taken and brought to Puerto Rico. |
Updated Ancestry Results
Ancestry.com recently did an update of DNA ethnicity estimates in 2022. The results are quite different. Sardinian and Italian disappeared and Basque appeared none of which surprised me. It seems more accurate to what my paper research has revealed.
Portugal & Spain - This basically stayed the same.
West African - Added up it represents 8% of my total which stayed about the same as before.
Jewish Peoples of Europe - I do have a branch of my family from Ceiba from a direct line of females that are practicing Jews so this is no surprise. It seems that the sons (where my line descends from) did in fact convert or just left religion altogether. The region title is interesting but it's ok because of all the other facts I have, I can conclude that they were Sephardic Jews.
- Indigenous Puerto Rico - I really like the specificity of this new "region."
- Basque - This appeared and I suspect some of the previously large French percentage ended up here. Long before our current borders, the Basque people lived in the area that is now Basque Country in Spain but also in what is now southwestern France along the Bay of Biscay and the Pyrenees Mountains. My mother is Rh- (blood) which is a rare in the general population but common among the Basque.
- England & Northwestern Europe, Germanic E. & Ireland - Based on DNA, surnames, eye and skin color, I have concluded this represents France, Hungary and the British Isles. This may come from the surname Mateo which is spelled Mateu (Catalan maybe?) on some documents and believed by the family to have been originally Matthew. (Maybe a stranded pirate?)
West African - Added up it represents 8% of my total which stayed about the same as before.
Jewish Peoples of Europe - I do have a branch of my family from Ceiba from a direct line of females that are practicing Jews so this is no surprise. It seems that the sons (where my line descends from) did in fact convert or just left religion altogether. The region title is interesting but it's ok because of all the other facts I have, I can conclude that they were Sephardic Jews.
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Researching and Testing DNA |
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DNA Testing Websites:
Online Articles about Genealogical DNA Testing:
Books about Genealogical DNA Testing:
Documentaries:
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Ramon Diaz y Burgos & Gregoria Felciano y Rivera ~ Ceiba, Puerto Rico 1950
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Finding Family through DNA
If you have done a DNA test, you've certainly been "matched" to other testers. This chart is extremely helpful in understanding how those matches may fit into your real family tree. Please be careful of false positives! Over the past few years I have seen so many people get caught up in connecting with matches and believing the theory that Puerto Ricans are all related but this is just not accurate. Because the population of Puerto Rico is small and the number of immigrants that populated with the natives and slaves is finite and of course, people mated with other people from the island with similar DNA backgrounds, testing company algorithms match us all as distant as cousins. This article explains false positives of small segment matches not particular to Puerto Rico. However, Puerto Rico (and other small island populations) will experience more of this phenomenon. The more Ancestry.com updates its systems, the less accurate the family matching is becoming. I have reached out to the company.
The numbers are in relation to centimorgans.
The numbers are in relation to centimorgans.
There is a new feature on Ancestry.com trees. There is a
Be Inspired...
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In March 2017, Residente, formerly half of Calle 13, was so inspired about his DNA results he decided to visit some of the countries indicated in his ancestry results and make an album. The album will be followed up by a documentary in later 2017. The intro track is done by Lin-Manuel Miranda of Hamilton fame who as it turns out, is Residente's cousin. Lin-Manuel as always, tells a story and poetically breaks down the meaning and process of discovering our roots. Click on the clip to the right, listen carefully and enjoy!
Check out his interview on the Daily Show with Trevor Noah. |
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The movie is playing at Film Festivals around the country. It is truly an experience. Residente, inspired by his DNA and disenchanted with the inauthentic business of popular music, set on a journey to create real, honest music with indigenous instruments and local musicians. The film documents his experience. He brings back home at the end, to Puerto Rico and lays it all out, all his frustration and his love for his island. This film was a labor of love, longing and desire to tap into the human soul. To find a thread that joins us all over the world. He is brilliant and passionate. This is a must-see.
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DNA companies
- FamilyTreeDNA – Y, mitochondrial and autosomal DNA testing
- MyHeritage DNA –Autosomal DNA test
- MyHeritage FREE DNA file upload – Transfer your results from other vendors free
- AncestryDNA – Autosomal DNA test
- 23andMe Ancestry – Autosomal DNA only, no Health
I'm half Puerto Rican and half Jewish and so, in some ways, living in many worlds at once is where I feel most at home. ~ Quiara Alegria Hudes
